Category: Health Law Highlights

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Health Law Highlights

Forecasting the Integration of AI into Health Care Compliance Programs

From Robinson Cole, by Kathleen Healy, Josh Yoo:

Healthcare entities need to incorporate AI standards into their compliance programs to manage and mitigate legal risks. Executive Order No. 14110 outlines key principles for AI including confidentiality, security, transparency, governance, and non-discrimination. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a Risk Management Framework for AI and a playbook to help organizations manage AI risks. Key federal privacy and security laws like HIPAA and Section 5 will impact the use of AI in healthcare. It’s vital for healthcare entities to monitor evolving AI laws and regulations, inventory existing and upcoming AI use, educate themselves on updates, and adapt their compliance plans accordingly.

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Health Law Highlights

Pandemic Fraud Suits Have Yielded Over $100 Million, Report Says

From Bloomberg Law, by Daniel Seiden:

The Covid-19 Fraud Enforcement Task Force has reported that over $100 million has been reclaimed by the US government through False Claims Act (FCA) cases related to pandemic fraud. These funds have been recovered from more than 400 settlements and judgments, including cases of Paycheck Protection Program fraud, Economic Injury Disaster Loan fraud, health-care fraud, and agricultural program fraud. The report indicates a steady rise in new whistleblower actions under the FCA alleging pandemic relief fraud from 2020 to 2023. In 2023 alone, the Department of Justice (DOJ) recovered a record $2.68 billion from 543 FCA settlements and judgments.

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Health Law Highlights

“Stark” Differences: DOJ’s Renewed Focus on Stand-Alone Stark Law Violations

From Arnold & Porter, by Murad Hussain, Allison W. Shuren, Loreli (Lori) Wright:

The Department of Justice (DOJ) has recently increased enforcement of the False Claims Act (FCA) based on the Stark Law, also known as the Physician Self-Referral Law. This law focuses on financial relationships between physicians and health care entities, particularly when compensation exceeds fair market value (FMV) or varies with the volume or value of referrals. Violations of Stark Law can lead to FCA claims, requiring less proof than Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS)-based FCA claims. This trend has been evident in a series of new FCA enforcement actions and resolutions involving large health care providers since early 2023.

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Health Law Highlights

Healthcare Highlights from FTC’s 2024 PrivacyCon

From SheppardMullin, by Carolyn Metnick, Carolyn Young:

The Federal Trade Commission’s annual PrivacyCon highlighted three healthcare privacy research projects: tracking technology use by healthcare providers, women’s privacy concerns post Roe era, and bias propagation through large language learning models (LLMs). One key finding was the extensive use of tracking technologies on hospital websites, which can reveal personal health information and potentially be exploited. Despite serious implications, healthcare data privacy concerns are largely overlooked by users. The event also underscored how biases in LLM training data can lead to biased healthcare outcomes. The key takeaway was the need for transparency in handling healthcare data, including clear policies around data collection and usage, compliance with HIPAA and FTC rules, and the need for accurate privacy notices for users.

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Health Law Highlights

CMS Again Settles Record Stark Self-Disclosures in 2023

From McGuireWoods, by Gretchen Heinze Townshend, Timothy Fry, Kristen H. Chang, Varsha Gadani, Micaela Enger:

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) reported a record 176 settlements of voluntary self-disclosures related to past or potential violations of the physician self-referral law (Stark Law) in 2023, with settlements totaling over $12 million. This represents an increase from 103 self-disclosures and over $9 million in settlements in 2022. Despite the increase in total settlements, the average settlement amount in 2023 was $71,363.73, one of the lowest on record. The CMS’ self-referral disclosure protocol (SRDP) allows healthcare providers to self-disclose violations to resolve overpayment liability. The data suggests that CMS is focusing on processing SRDP submissions more quickly, with average settlement amounts remaining consistent with previous years.

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Health Law Highlights

Fair Market Value and Commercial Reasonableness Considerations Amid CMS Radiopharmaceutical Reimbursement Challenges

From VMG Health, by Carla Zarazua, Preston Edison, and James Tekippe, CFA:

Radiopharmaceutical drugs (RPs) are crucial for diagnosing and treating diseases. However, the current pricing structure by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) places a financial strain on hospitals and health systems and potentially restricts patient access to these vital resources. The existing CMS payment structure categorizes diagnostic RPs as supplies, bundling their cost into the overall procedure rate, causing a disconnect between the cost of acquiring RPs and the reimbursement received, particularly for high-cost drugs. 

The CMS encourages hospitals to use cost-effective resources while ensuring patient care. A temporary exception allows for separate pricing for new and high-cost drugs for two to three years, but this is a finite period. The current pricing model may force hospitals to limit the use of high-cost or newer RPs, potentially leading to suboptimal patient care and stifling innovation in drug development.

In response to these challenges, the CMS proposed five alternative payment models in 2024, including paying separately for diagnostic RPs with per-day costs above a certain threshold, restructuring the ambulatory payment classification (APC), and adopting codes that incorporate the disease state being diagnosed. Stakeholders, including the Medical Imaging & Technology Alliance (MITAS) and the American College of Radiology (ACR), advocate for separate payment for diagnostic RPs based on the average sales price (ASP) + 6% methodology.

However, the CMS has not yet decided on a new reimbursement structure for RPs, leaving hospitals to navigate the financial implications of using these drugs. To remain compliant with fair market value (FMV) and commercial reasonableness (CR), hospitals need to review and negotiate vendor agreements, document the necessity of higher-priced drugs, and establish a process for deciding which RPs to use.

In conclusion, while awaiting a resolution from the CMS, hospitals and health systems must proactively develop compliance protocols and negotiate agreements to minimize the financial impact and ensure optimal patient care. The proposed changes to the reimbursement structure for RPs represent a significant step towards addressing the economic challenges faced by healthcare providers and improving patient access to essential diagnostic and therapeutic resources.

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Health Law Highlights

New State Health Privacy Laws—Moving Beyond HIPAA and Recasting Consumer Health Data Rights?

From Jones Day, by Alexis S. Gilroy, Lisa M. Ropple, Ryan P. Blaney, Claire E. Castles, Jennifer C. Everett and Kristen Pollock McDonald:

The new consumer health data (CHD) privacy laws enacted in Washington and Nevada aim to offer state-level protections for personal health data not covered by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The laws, effective from March 31, 2024, mandate entities to obtain affirmative consent before collecting or sharing CHD, develop privacy policies, implement security safeguards, and restrict geofencing. Both laws grant consumers rights to access, review, and delete their CHD, and to withdraw consent for its collection or sharing. Washington’s law, uniquely, gives consumers a private right of action for CHD-related violations, potentially leading to increased litigation. Companies are advised to review and revise their policies and practices to ensure compliance.

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Health Law Highlights

HHS Issues Guidance to Teaching Hospitals and Medical Schools on Informed Consent Requirements

From The HIPAA Journal, by Steve Alder:

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has issued a letter to teaching hospitals and medical schools, emphasizing the necessity of obtaining informed consent from patients before conducting sensitive examinations, particularly when the patient is under anesthesia. The letter comes in response to reports indicating that medical students often perform such examinations without obtaining proper consent during their training. The HHS insists on the importance of documenting informed consent and upholds the patients’ right to refuse such examinations for teaching purposes. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has provided new guidelines to clarify hospital responsibilities regarding informed consent. Furthermore, the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) underscores the HIPAA Privacy Rule, which allows patients to restrict access to their protected health information (PHI), even when unconscious.

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Health Law Highlights

ACA Health Insurance Plans Are Being Switched Without Enrollees’ OK

From National Public Radio, by Julie Appleby:

Some consumers are being switched from one ACA insurance plan to another without their consent, potentially disrupting their medical care and prescription needs. This unauthorized switching can also lead to large IRS bills for back taxes. Agents can access a policyholder’s coverage using only a person’s name, date of birth, and state. This ease of access plays a significant role in the problem.

Consumers may end up in plans they did not choose and may bear tax burdens if they are signed up for coverage that includes premium tax credits for which they are ineligible.

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is aware of the problem and has outlined technical efforts to resolve issues when complaints are lodged. However, it is unclear whether these efforts will be sufficient. CMS is considering further regulatory and technological solutions, including two-factor authentication. States that run their own marketplaces have been more successful in preventing unauthorized switches as they require more information before a policy can be accessed.

The issue is causing an outcry from agents who lose out on commissions when their clients are switched by other agents. It also casts a shadow on a record year for ACA enrollment, with more than 21 million people signing up for 2024 coverage.

Florida, Georgia, and Texas appear to be hotspots for plan-switching. 

Some agents suspect names and lists of potential clients are being circulated to agents willing to bend the rules. Online or social media advertising is a way some outfits troll for prospects, who then end up on lists sold to brokers or are contacted directly by agents.

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Health Law Highlights

California Enacts First-in-Nation Pharmacy Medication Error Reporting Law

From Husch Blackwell, by Kevin Khachatryan:

On October 8, 2023, the California Governor signed Assembly Bill 1286 (AB 1286), a comprehensive pharmacy bill aimed at enhancing patient safety. The bill’s key mandate is a new requirement for community pharmacies to report outpatient medication errors to the California Board of Pharmacy. The legislation also includes several other provisions that regulate the practice of pharmacy in California.

The bill was enacted in response to a 2021 survey by the California Board of Pharmacy, which revealed significant staffing issues contributing to medication errors. The survey found that 91% of retail pharmacists reported inadequate staffing for safe patient care, 83% lacked sufficient time for safe patient consultation, and 78% had insufficient time to conduct proper health screenings before administering immunizations. This led to the establishment of a Medication Error Reduction and Task Force Ad Hoc Committee and the sponsorship of AB 1286.

AB 1286 also introduces several other changes, including amendments which govern staffing decisions in pharmacies and the responsibilities of the Pharmacist-in-Charge (PIC). The law now requires chain community pharmacies to be staffed at all times with at least one clerk or pharmacy technician dedicated to pharmacy-related services, subject to certain conditions. The bill also expands the list of actions that constitute unprofessional conduct and authorizes specially trained pharmacy technicians to prepare and administer certain vaccines and medications.